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| Kowidowa żydokomuna szykuje sądy kiblowe |
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| Reżim kowidowy Morawieckiego zamierza wprowadzić "komisarzy politycznych" dla ścigania wolnego słowa. |
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| Czy zaszczepieni staną się własnością koncernów farmaceutycznych? |
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| Czy szczepienia służą nowoczesnemu niewolnictwu? |
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| 1984 |
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| Podstawowa lektura dla młodych Polaków |
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| PiStapo atakuje rodziny |
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| Przypomnijmy sobie sceny ze świata Orwella. To już się dzieje. |
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| Podobno to ten psychol Klaus Schwab |
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| To ten od "wielkiego resetu". |
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| Finansowany przez Google zespół „sprawdzający fakty” wydaje się być garstką fikcyjnych Hindusów w zubożałym miasteczku niedaleko Bangladeszu |
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| Braun przesłuchiwał Szumowskiego w Sądzie |
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| Monika Jaruzelska zaprasza Grzegorz Braun! cz.1 |
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| Wirusowe kłamstwa. Komu zależy na straszeniu nas przeziebieniem? |
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| Szczepionka przeciwko ospie prawdziwej wyzwoliła wirusa AIDS |
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Epidemia AIDS mogła zostać wywołana przez masową kampanię szczepień, która zlikwidowała ospę prawdziwą. Światowa Organizacja Zdrowia, która kierowała trwającą 13 lat kampanią, bada nowe dowody naukowe sugerujące, że uodpornienie szczepionką Vaccinia przeciwko ospie prawdziwej obudziło niepodejrzewane, uśpione zakażenie ludzkim wirusem obrony immunologicznej (HIV). |
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| Ekspert od COVID-u, okazał się być awatarem stworzonym przez Chińczyków |
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| Iran mówi „nie” zakończeniu blokady Cieśniny Ormuz po przyznaniu się Trumpa | Janta Ka Reporter |
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| Chcą całkowitej eksterminacji wszystkich Palestyńczyków |
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| Izrael i Hamas: czy ludzi ogarnęło zbiorowe szaleństwo? |
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| Deklaracja Wielkiej Barrington |
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| Po atakach, oto wypowiedź profesora Sucharita Bhakdi. |
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| Szczepienia przeciw Covid prowadzą do uszkodzenia płuc |
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| Wzrost o 6000% zgonów spowodowanych szczepieniami w pierwszym kwartale 2021 r. w porównaniu z pierwszym kwartałem 2020 r |
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| Jak można się spodziewać, gdy nowe eksperymentalne „szczepionki”, które nie zostały zatwierdzone przez FDA, otrzymają zezwolenie na stosowanie w nagłych wypadkach w celu zwalczania „pandemii”, która ma obecnie ponad rok, liczba zgonów po zastrzykach tych zastrzyków gwałtownie wzrosła w Stanach Zjednoczonych. populacji o ponad 6000% na koniec pierwszego kwartału 2021 r., w porównaniu do odnotowanych zgonów po szczepionkach zatwierdzonych przez FDA na koniec pierwszego kwartału 2020 r. |
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| Rząd Stanów Zjednoczonych CELOWO niszczy żywność amerykańskich Farmerów i stymuluje kryzys zaopatrzenia w żywność |
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| Jakiś czas temu na oficjalnej stronie ONZ ukazał się artykuł "Korzyści z głodu na świecie". Wprawdzie szybko go usunięto, lecz nadal jest dostępny w internetowych archiwach |
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| AI nie będzie świadoma, twierdzi Roger Penrose (Nobel 2020) |
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| Czy sztuczna inteligencja może być i czy kiedykolwiek będzie świadoma? |
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| Na straży wolności: Goldman Sachs |
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| Gerald Celente i John Stossel rozmawiają z sędzią Napolitano o różnych, nie do końca jasnych powiązaniach, między amerykańskimi bankami i rządem USA. Największe podejrzenia budzi bank Goldman Sachs, który ma dziwną nadreprezentację we władzach rządowych. Dla przypomnienia, dodam, że pracownikiem tego banku jest były premier RP, Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, a bank był zamieszany w spekulacje na złotówce. |
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| JAK ŻYDZI ODEBRALI MAJĄTKI I WYSŁALI 100 TYSIĘCY POLAKÓW DO BRAZYLII |
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A brief history of the Polish language
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Its Ancient Origins
The originality of Polish culture is tied to its language and to its Slavonic roots. Linguistic studies indicate that 5000 to 4000 years ago early Balto-Slavic languages were part of the Arian or the Eastern Indo-European languages. Over 3500 years ago, the languages of the Balto-Slavs separated from the Arian languages; some 3000 years ago, the Baltic and Slavic languages separated from each other; and for the next 1500 years, the Slavic languages evolved parallel to the Greek, Latin, Celtic, Germanic, and other languages. The evolution of the Polish language occurred during the following 1500 years.
Development of the Polish Language
Polish language reflected the intellectual and material culture in spoken words and later in literature. Early Polish vocabulary contained much earlier cultural information than do written records. The adoption of foreign words grew with the passage of time. During the present information age, new European and American terms related to fashions, sports, arts, politics, and technology are being adopted by the modern Polish language. Unabridged Polish dictionaries presently contain some 200,000 entries; one-third of these are foreign adaptations, while about one-fourth are still close to Old Slavonic words.
Although Polish was the national language of Poland, the influence of the Roman Catholic Church introduced Poland to Latin - the lingua franca of western European culture. Polish translations of Latin texts and other Polish publications were the only source of the eastern Slavic peoples’ knowledge about Western civilization. Thus were nearly all ruling members of the Russian Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) were fluent in Polish.
The name of Poland, in Polish "Polska," originated from the name of Polanians. Linguistic data of the highly diversified early Slavic vocabulary proves familiarity with elaborate abstract ideas. In Slavic self-perception the ethnic meaning of the word "Slav" or Słowianin (swo-vyah-ńeen) in Polish was derived from the term for the spoken word, or "słowo" (swo-vo). Thus, to the Slavs, their name testified to their mastery over spoken words, in contrast to others, whose languages they did not understand.
The chronicle of the Cistercian abbey at Henryków (1227-1310) includes the oldest preserved sentence written in Polish.
A constitutional monarchy evolved in this period (1370-1493). During this evolution, due legal process was established in Poland; Polish became a language of elegance and civility in east central Europe, as Poland acquired a civilizing role between the Baltic and the Black Seas and Polish was used as the language of diplomacy.
By the end of the 15th century, national and regional parliaments became catalysts of social and cultural life in Poland - a role played in the rest of Europe by the royal court and the town. The first Digest of Polish Law was printed in Kraków in 1488; it included a royal guarantee against searches and seizures. Approximately 15,000 different Polish words were used in the preserved medieval texts.
Progress during the Renaissance
Jan Mączyński published the first extensive Latin-Polish dictionary Lexico Latino-Polonorum in 1564. A pioneer of cardiology, a professor of medicine and philosophy, Józef Struś (1510-1568) published a 1555 treatise on the pulse entitled Sphygmicae artis libri quinque. In 1583, Andrzej Patrycy Nidecki edited and published the partially preserved writings of Cicero. His Fragmentorum M. Tulli Ciceronis was very popular among European humanists.
Printing houses were also opened in provincial areas. Polish orthography was standardized chiefly by printers who helped the development of the Polish language by encouraging the publication of Polish books and dictionaries. A Polish grammar book for foreigners was printed in 1568 by Piotr Stratotius-Stojeński; his book was in French. During the first one hundred years of Polish printing some three-and-half million books were printed. By 1550, printers in Kraków had reached the highest European level.
Widespread polemics on the religious questions in Poland often resounded throughout Europe. Protestants contributed to the wider use of the Polish language. Mikołaj Rey, called the father of literature in the Polish language, first wrote moralizing dialogues published in 1543. In them he criticized overspending, luxury, and drunkenness. He wrote the best 16th-century Polish satire and gave an excellent picture of everyday life in Poland. His Life of an Honorable Man gave a vivid picture of the customs of Polish country squires.
The Great Scientific Dictionary of Polish-Latin-Greek by Grzegorz Knapski, entitled Thesaurus Polono-Latino-Graecus, was published in 1621. It was an important work for Polish and Slavic lexicography. The first printing shop in Warsaw was established in 1624. Polish dictionaries, grammars, and other books were printed in Królewiec (Koenigsberg) in the Polish Fief of Prussia.
Enlightenment in Poland in the 18th century brought further advancement in the development of the Polish language, literature, and press during the reign of King Stanisław II Poniatowski.
Development during the 19th and 20th c.
The first complete dictionary of recent Polish was published in six volumes in 1807-1814 by Samuel Bogumił Linde (1771-1847), a lexicographer who worked at the Załuski Library - the first public library in Europe. At that point, the Polish language was as equally developed as the German and more advanced than the Russian; it was one of major European languages possessing a rich literature and a vocabulary of arts and sciences. The character of Linde’s dictionary was historical and not normative. It included 60,000 entries.
In 1861, the learned circles of Wilno published Słownik języka polskiego (A Dictionary of the Polish Language), sometimes called The Wilno Dictionary. It included many regional words from north-eastern parts of Poland and is proof of a strong cultural connection between the Wilno region and the rest of ethnic Poland.
The reform of the orthography of the Polish language was completed in 1891. Following its inauguration of Prace Filologiczne (The Philological Studies) in 1885, the Kraków Academy of Learning begun to issue two other publications: Poradnik Językowy (The Language Handbook)in 1901, and Język Polski (The Polish Language) in 1913. In addition, the Academy of learning published Słownik Gwar Polskich (Dictionary of Polish Dialects) from 1900 to 1911; and in 1915, Język Polski i jego historia (The Polish Language and Its History) - two volumes of the Encyklopedia Polska.
Another reform of Polish orthography was carried out in 1918.
Polish literature blossomed. Adam Asnyk wrote poetry linking the Romanticist traditions with social problems viewed in a Positivist manner. Adolf Dygasiński wrote excellent naturalist novels about animals. Eliza Orzeszkowa, writer and journalist, wrote tendentious positivist literature; her best and most famous novel was Nad Niemnem (On the Shores of Niemen, 1887). Bolesław Prus (Aleksander Głowacki, 1847-1912) was a writer and columnist of the period of realism. In Lalka (The Doll, 1890), he described the "last Romanticists" and the defeat of the positivist "dreamers." Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846-1916) wrote Polish historical novels. His novel, Quo Vadis, about early Christians in Nero’s Rome won him a Noble Prize (1905) and was by far the greatest bestseller worldwide at the time.
Total of about twenty people born in Poland won the Noble Prize for their contribution to science, literature, and peace. Thus, Polish language and culture are of considerable importance today, flourishing as they do in the geographical center of the European continent.
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26 czerwiec 2005
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Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
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"Rzeczpospolita" - tuba propagandowa lichwo-gangsterów?
lipiec 1, 2004
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Wielkie kościoły
wrzesień 11, 2002
opowiedział Krzysztof K
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Przerabianie stypy na wesele
maj 5, 2004
ks. prof. Czesław S. Bartnik
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Ile w rzeczywistości wydajemy na ochronę zdrowia?
maj 16, 2006
Adam Sandauer
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Refleksja po latach
luty 21, 2008
Artur Łoboda
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Jan Paweł II: zróbmy wszystko, by uniknąć wojny
marzec 2, 2003
PAP
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Czytane między wierszami
styczeń 1, 2003
Artur Łoboda
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Zaginiona nie(!)poszukiwana ?
kwiecień 17, 2006
zn
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To buntowniki
maj 21, 2003
Cyprian Kamil Norwid
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Skazani na pokój, albo samounicestwienie
październik 19, 2003
Artur Łoboda
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Czy Unia Europejska powinna
zawrzeć sojusz z Rosją?
styczeń 17, 2007
Stefan Durand (tłum. Halina Lisowska-Chehab)
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Korupcja w zarządzie Łodzi: oskarżony obciąża Marka Czekalskiego (UW)
grudzień 11, 2002
PAP
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Czy Amerykanie sami sobie zadali klęskę?
marzec 28, 2008
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
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Licytacja?
sierpień 3, 2002
Andrzej Kozioł
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Iran blokuje plany USA w Iraku
kwiecień 3, 2008
Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski
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Z frontu walki z faszyzmem
sierpień 4, 2006
®© Stanisław Michalkiewicz
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Czy to początek opamiętania?
czerwiec 2, 2005
Artur Łoboda
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"PORZˇDNI LUDZIE ZACZYNAJˇ SIĘ BAĆ" oświadczył Miller
czerwiec 16, 2002
analityk
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Koszty kapitulanctwa (1)
czerwiec 18, 2003
prof. Jerzy Robert Nowak
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Piąta kolumna Papieża Polaka
maj 5, 2003
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